Economic and Clinical Net Benefits from the Use of Samarium Sm-153 Lexidronam Injection in the Treatment of Bone Metastases
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Samariu m Sm-153 Lexid ronam Inject ion (Samariu m-153) is used to treat bone pain that results when cancer spreads to the bone. It has been on the market since 1997 but still is not funded by any one of the 10 p rovincial cancer care authorities in Canada. The only cost-effectiveness study using randomized control trial data of Samariu m-153 for pain relief in patients with bone metastases clearly demonstrated that Samariu m-153 was a dominant therapy. At the time of writ ing, the product cost of Samariu m-153 for one patient treatment was $4,500. At that price, in 2012, the total product cost for all of the projected 755 patient treatments in Canada would be $3,397,500. For an investment of $3,397,500 in Samariu m-153, system savings of $7,758,905 could be realized for a return on investment (ROI) of 228%. Overall treat ment cost-savings would have accrued while Samariu m-153 p rovided suffering cancer patients with equal or better care and clinical outcomes, as measured by pain relief and quality of life.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".