<i>Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale</i> Infection in Poultry: an Updated Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale is a Gram-negative bacterium of the rRNA superfamily V within the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides phylum, which has become an emerging pathogen in the poultry industry. The purpose of this work is to review the current literature on O. rhinotracheale infection in domestic poultry. Despite the difficulties to identify the bacteria using biochemical tests, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique has been successfully used to identify suspected isolates. Moreover, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) has allowed the genetic typing of O. rhinotracheale . Recent investigations carried out in the United States and Argentina described the unusual and extensive β-hemolytic activity of field strains isolated from affected chickens and turkeys. According to the latest serological studies, the causing agent has eighteen serotypes (A to R) and serotype A is the most prevalent among chicken and turkey strains. Gross findings typically found in broiler chickens are unilateral pneumonia, pleuritis, and abdominal airsacculitis with foamy, white yogurt-like exudate, which cause increased condemnation rates at slaughter, whereas those found in turkeys include tracheitis, pneumonia or bronchopneumonia, thoracic and/or abdominal airsacculitis, pericarditis, and peritonitis. Despite the worldwide efforts to control O. rhinotracheale infection, the present situation shows several problems not only because antibiotic treatments appear to be less effective due to the resistance acquired in the poultry industry but also because the vaccines developed so far show variable results in commercial poultry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".