El papel de las empresas espanolas en la gestion de infraestructura de transporte en el mundo
Bibliographic record
Abstract
La industria de la gestion privada de infraestructuras se ha consolidado como un complemento necesario para la inversion publica presupuestaria. La decada pasada ha visto el resurgir de esta industria en Europa, impulsada principalmente por el Finance Initiative ingles, acompanada por otras iniciativas en Espana y Portugal, Irlanda y Alemania. En los noventa en America, Canada, Chile y tambien Colombia y Argentina han conseguido construir y financiar proyectos importantes, mientras que el desarrollo de la industria en USA fue mas lento. Australia, y posteriormente China tambien utilizaron el sistema. Entre los diez primeros promotores mundiales se encuentran seis grupos espanoles. Esta presencia preeminente arranca de la tradicion historica en este tipo de concesiones en Espana y de un conjunto de circunstancias favorables aprovechadas por la industria espanola, incluyendo su voluntad decidida de diversificacion, la presencia geografica en diversos paises en el momento en que estos iniciaban este tipo de experiencias y la habilidad para conseguir la confianza de los mercados financieros para sus nuevos proyectos. La aparicion de nuevos proyectos en USA, China y posteriormente Rusia marcara las tendencias de futuro y definira el liderazgo mundial en los proximos anos. (A). English abstract: Private infrastructure management as an industrial business has become established as a necessary complement for public purse investment. The 1990s decade saw a resurgence of this industry in Europe, chiefly boosted by the so-called English Private Finance Initiative, accompanied by other initiatives in Spain and Portugal, Ireland and Germany. In that same decade across the America continent, Canada and Chile and also Colombia and Argentina successfully built and financed major schemes applying this system, whereas development of the industry in the US took off at a slower pace. Australia, and subsequently China, also utilised the system. Six Spanish groups are among the top ten promoters on a world scale. This pre-eminence stems from the historical tradition of this type of concession in Spain and from a set of favourable circumstances the Spanish firms took advantage of, including their determination to back diversification, their geographical presence in several countries at a time when they were making their first inroads into this type of experiment and the expert ability of the Spanish firms to gain the confidence of the financial markets for their new projects. The appearance of new projects in the US, China and subsequently Russia will mark future trends and define world leadership in the coming years. (A).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.018 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".