Water flow and storage in fractured, unsaturated sulphur blocks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Water is a primary control on the generation of acidic (H2SO4) effluent from commercial-scale sulphur (S0) blocks. Although clean S0 is strongly hydrophobic, microbial colonization of fracture faces and friable S0 generates localized hydrophilic conditions. Infiltration occurs preferentially along discrete fractures and in areas of friable S0. Surface evaporation rates are low (mean 0.2 mm/day), and >90% of rainfall infiltrates and rapidly drains from the blocks. A conceptual model to describe the flow and storage of water at the base of S0 blocks was developed and tested. The S0 blocks were represented as a hydrophilic equivalent porous medium, and lateral drainage through the base of the blocks was quantified using a two-dimensional numerical model. Specific yield (Sy) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) values were estimated to be ∼4%–7% and ∼1 × 10−2 m/s, respectively, by comparing measured and modelled pore-water pressure head and outflow responses to rainfall events. Given that commercial-scale S0 blocks are constructed in a similar manner worldwide, the results of this study are considered widely applicable in designing S0 block storage facilities that minimize water availability and H2SO4 production in S0 blocks.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".