Multilocus sequence typing of <i>Candida africana</i> from patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis in New Delhi, India
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We investigated the prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis due to C. africana in an STD clinic in India and analysed the genetic relatedness of these C. africana isolates with those outside India. A total of 283 germ-tube-positive yeasts were identified by VITEK2. Molecular characterisation of all isolates was carried out by hwp1-gene-specific PCR. Of 283 germ-tube-positive yeast isolates, four were identified as C. africana using hwp1-gene-specific PCR. All hwp1 PCR positive C. africana were subjected to antifungal susceptibility testing, ITS and D1/D2 region sequencing and were typed by using MLST approach. Similar to C. africana isolates from the United Kingdom and unlike those from Africa, the Indian C. africana grew at 42°C. Sequencing of eight gene fragments in MLST identified all four strains to have different genotypes not reported previously. Furthermore, though the Indian C. africana isolates were susceptible to most of the 14 tested antifungal drugs, differences in susceptibility were observed among the four strains. Our results indicate genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity among C. africana from different geographical regions. Due to lack of data on epidemiology and genetic variability of this under-reported yeast, more studies using molecular methods are warranted.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".