Multiple vs. single scattering in low energy electron holography
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The theory of the low energy electron point source (LEEPS) microscope is presented in matrix form to account for multiple scattering. An iterative method is used to solve the matrix equation for the structure factor. An algorithm is developed for the storage and use of only the dominant elements of the structure matrix; this allows for the study of considerably large clusters. Examples of large clusters of atoms are studied to compare single scattering (SS) and multiple scattering (MS). A Kirchhoff-Helmholtz transform is used for the reconstruction. We report results where SS and MS give essentially the same reconstructions, and other results where SS and MS reconstructions are in severe disagreement. We find, for example, that SS and MS give virtually the same reconstruction along the optical axis for clusters that are "short" lateral to, but "long" in the direction of, the optical axis. In contrast, we also find that SS and MS give vastly different reconstructions lateral to the optical axis for clusters that are "wide" lateral to, and "thin" in the direction of, the optical axis. Some other results are also reported. Implications for further theoretical work, and for experimental LEEPS microscopy, are discussed. PACS No.: 61.14Nm
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".