Bioconcentration of inorganic and organic thallium by freshwater phytoplankton
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Uptake of inorganic Tl(I) and dimethylthallium, (CH3)2Tl+, by Chlorella spp. (Chlorophyta) and the diatom Stephanodiscus hantzschii (Heterokontophyta) were measured using radio-tracer techniques in water from Lakes Erie and Superior (North America). Uptake of both Tl(I) and dimethylthallium was bioactive. Uptake of [204Tl]-Tl(I) was greater in Lake Superior water than in Lake Erie water due to the greater K content in Lake Erie that inhibits Tl(I) uptake by phytoplankton but not that of [204Tl]-dimethylthallium. Volume-based bioconcentration factors for Tl(I) after 72 h of exposure were 5 x 10(4) and 1.1 x 10(4) for Chlorella sp. and S. hantzschii; for dimethylthallium they were 7.8 x 10(2) and 8.3 x 10(3). Both Tl(I) and Tl(III) were concentrated similarly by Chlorella spp. These results suggest that chlorophytes, but not diatoms, accumulate Tl(I) to a greater extent than dimethylthallium. Greater bioaccumulation factors of inorganic Tl are possible in waters containing low amounts of K+; water quality guidelines seeking to protect biota from deleterious effects of Tl should consider the role of K.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".