Displacement Flow of Shear Thinning Fluids in Tube: The Effect of Density and Viscosity Ratio
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The miscible displacement flow of non-Newtonian fluids is investigated experimentally in a 20 mm diameter pipe. Attention is paid to the effect of the density and viscosity ratios on the non-Newtonian fluid displacement. The effect of the density difference of the two fluids is discussed via a dimensionless parameter called the Atwood number, At. When the current is stabilized by the imposed flow, the ratio of the front velocity, Vf, to the mean flow velocity, V0, does not significantly change with Atwood number, similar to the Newtonian displacement [5]. The viscosity ratio of the two fluids then seems to be a critical factor on the flow field stability. It has previously been established that the increase in the mean flow velocity dampens the Kelvin-Helmholtz-like instabilities in the system [5]. However it may not be the case for the flows with very high viscosity ratios. The mean flow velocity in turn can contribute to the onset of interfacial instabilities as its value increases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".