A Practical Copper Loss Measurement Method for the Planar Transformer in High-Frequency Switching Converters
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, a new and practical measurement method is proposed to characterize the planar transformer copper loss operating in a high-frequency switching mode power supply (SMPS). The scheme is easy to set up, and it provides an equivalent winding alternating current resistance, which is the result of all the field effects on the transformer windings to achieve more accurate copper loss characterization. A detailed error analysis for the proposed copper loss measurement method is conducted. The analysis results can provide useful guidelines on the SMPS transformer copper loss measurement scheme design. Measurement results on the copper loss of a planar transformer in a high-frequency dc/dc converter are presented. In order to verify the measurement results, a time-domain finite-element analysis transient solver is adopted to analyze the transformer copper loss. Good matching between the simulation and measurement results is achieved.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it