Estimating Distance Gradients for Apartment Properties
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effect of distance from the city centre on selling price, tax assessment and gross income is investigated for income property in proximity to the city centre. Hedonic estimation with a multiplicative model specification is used to estimate the relationship between property characteristics on the one hand and price, assessment and income on the other. The sample consists of centrally located apartment buildings in downtown Stockholm sold during a recent three-year period. The application is specific to Stockholm, but the methodology and the insights gained are general. The results include the estimation of price gradients for the dependent variables. The models are used for estimating the implicit capitalisation rates in the property market as a function of the distance to the centre. We also estimated where the market appears to place the city centre as implied by the observations. Although no rent gradient was found, we were able to detect a significant negative price gradient. The former is reasonable considering the rent control ordinances. The latter indicates the existence of a negative land rent gradient.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".