Inheritance of resistance to covered smut [<i>Ustilago hordei</i> (Pers.) Lagerh.] in barley
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Covered smut of barley, caused by Ustilago hordei, has the potential to cause significant losses under organic production systems, particularly for hulless barley. The objectives of this investigation were to identify sources of resistance to covered smut and to study the inheritance of resistance and allelic relations between resistant barley lines. Hulled barley breeding lines and cultivars TR640, Q21861, TR244, and CDC Helgason were identified as sources of resistance to covered smut based on screening for 3–5 yr in the field and twice in the greenhouse. No hulless sources with strong resistance were identified indicating that there is a need to transfer resistance to hulless barley. Inheritance of covered smut resistance in the hulled barley line TR244 was studied using a hulless × hulled barley population screened with a mixture of U. hordei isolates. A single major resistance gene was identified in TR244. Many hulless lines in this population showed good resistance to covered smut indicating that resistance can be transferred to hulless lines. Allelic studies indicated that the resistance gene in TR244 is different from that in the resistant lines Q21861 and TR640. Key words: Barley, Ustilago hordei, resistance, hulless, covered smut
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".