Stormwater runoff from open windrow composting facilities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Most of the 4000 composting sites in North America employ open windrow composting techniques in which rainfall often comes into contact with the compost. The resulting runoff can leach contaminants from the compost, making the runoff unsuitable for direct release into receiving waters. Stormwater from these facilities is usually collected in a detention pond and treated prior to release. There is little guidance for determining the appropriate size of these runoff detention ponds. One barrier to modelling the hydrology of composting sites is a lack of basic information regarding rainfall–runoff relationships for compost. This note describes the results of laboratory and field experiments designed to estimate the fraction of rainfall incident on a compost windrow that leaches from the windrow onto the composting pad and into the detention pond. The results indicate that approximately 68% of the rainfall incident on a saturated compost windrow will eventually run off. Key words: solid waste management, composting, runoff, detention pond.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".