Impact of drops of surfactant solutions on small targets
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The collisions of drops of surfactant solutions (dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (DOS) and trisiloxane oxypropylene polyoxyethylene (Silwett L77)) with small disc-like targets were studied both experimentally and theoretically. Upon impact, the drops spread very fast beyond the target in the shape of a thin lamella surrounded by a thick rim. No significant difference between water and surfactant solutions was observed in the early stage of the impact. But the collapse stages were very different. In particular, the lamellas of solutions of Silwett L77 disintegrated owing to a spontaneous nucleation of holes, giving to the lamella a web-like structure prior to its break-up. In contrast, lamellas of DOS solutions collapsed like water lamellas, except that the maximum diameter and the lifetime of the lamella of the most concentrated DOS solution were significantly increased compared with pure water and other surfactant solutions. A theoretical analysis shows that the observed instability effects in the lamella and the increase in the size and lifetime of the lamella can be caused by the coupling between liquid inertia and Marangoni stresses.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".