Examination of trends in hourly surface pressure in Canada during 1953-2003
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hourly values of surface pressure recorded at 90 stations across Canada during 1953–2003 were examined. For each station, a linear trend was fitted to the data and a statistical t-test determined whether the trend was significant at the 5% level. Most of the stations located above 60°N latitude reported a statistically significant decrease in winter pressure averaging −5.8 hPa over the 50 year period which is likely a manifestation of the Arctic oscillation (AO). This winter pressure decrease is slightly larger than that found in other studies that determined sea level pressure trends during 1948–1998 using reanalyzed datasets. The present work found fewer and weaker statistically significant trends for the northern stations during the other seasons. Very few stations in southern Canada had significant trends in any season. The data were also examined for possible inhomogeneities, but none that affected the aforementioned conclusions were found. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".