Cluster observations of velocity space‐restricted ion distributions near the plasma sheet
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present Cluster ion observations obtained at 18 RE in the magnetotail on 1 October 2001. According to a recent analysis, the quartet encountered a reconnection region and a tailward‐moving neutral line. We examine in detail selected 3‐D ion distributions, which through much of the hour following 0925 UT were non‐gyrotropic. B‐perpendicular slices of velocity space showed crescent‐shaped regions. Occupied gyrophases were consistent over a wide range of parallel velocities, stable over time, and occurred unaccompanied by strong ion gyrofrequency waves. We interpret these observations as signatures of remote sensing near sharp particle gradients. In this view, distributions obtained simultaneously while Cluster straddled the current sheet are simply explained. Additionally, the computed first moments can have large transverse ( × B) components ( , a unit boundary normal), without net plasma transport. We infer separate O+ layers above and below the current sheet.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".