“Not Heaven-Endowed to Run the World”: The British Empire in the Early Thought of George Grant
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This essay argues that scholars have exaggerated the extent to which political philosopher George Grant was influenced by the anti-American and pro-British sentiments of his ancestors. Drawing evidence from his Second World War correspondence, the author shows that Grant in fact began the war with a favourable opinion of the United States of Franklin D. Roosevelt. What changed his thinking was America’s entry into the war in 1941, which forced Grant to reckon with the prospect of a postwar world dominated by what he described as an expanding American liberal empire. For a brief period at the end of the war, Grant’s distress over this prospect moved him to look for an alternative model of world order in a revitalized British Empire. Grant, however, had to suppress too many of his own misgivings about English imperialism to hold onto this idealized vision for long, and soon after the war he abandoned it altogether.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".