NYMPHAL DENSITY AND LIFE HISTORIES OF TWO WATER STRIDERS (HEMIPTERA: GERRIDAE)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract We used laboratory experiments to study the effects of rearing density on nymphal duration, dispersal dimorphism, and reproduction of two wing-dimorphic water strider species, Gerris buenoi Kirkaldy (wing morphs macropterous and micropterous) and Gerris pingreensis Drake and Hottes (mainly apterous and macropterous), that specialize, respectively, in temporary and permanent habitats. First-instar nymphs from field-collected or laboratory-cultured parents were reared with superabundant food at high (2900 or 3100 first-instar individuals/m 2 ) or low (145 or 155 first-instar individuals/m 2 ) starting density under a photoperiod of 19L:5D and at 20 ± 2 °C. Average nymphal period of both species under high density was significantly shorter by 4–5 d than under low density. There were no significant differences in percent survival between densities in either species. In G . pingreensis all new adults were apterous and entered reproductive diapause. In contrast, both wing morphs were expressed in G . buenoi ; however, a lower proportion of macropters emerged under high density than under low density. All females of G . buenoi tested were reproductively active, regardless of wing morph. There was no effect of density on preoviposition period for G . buenoi of either wing morph, although preoviposition period was about twice as long in long-winged as in short-winged females. In G . buenoi , nymphal crowding promotes development of nonflying reproductives, which allocate nutritional resources to rapid reproduction rather than dispersal, at least when food conditions are sufficient. In G . pingreensis , nymphs that develop faster under crowding may be less subject to cannibalism and intraguild predation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".