A study of the decomposition behaviour of 12-tungstophosphate heteropolyacid in solution
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, the decomposition of H 3 PW 12 O 40 in aqueous solution or in mixed solutions of waterethanol or wateracetone is investigated by potentiometric titration and 31 P NMR. Identification of the products from H 3 PW 12 O 40 decomposition over a pH range of 112 was achieved using preparation high performance liquid chromatography (Pre-HPLC) combined with IR, UVvis spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP). It is found that H 3 PW 12 O 40 in aqueous solution decomposes in a stepwise fashion with increasing pH, with the following solution compositions: [PW 12 O 40 ] 3 (at pH ~ 1) [Formula: see text] [PW 12 O 40 ] 3 + [P 2 W 21 O 71 ] 6 + [PW 11 O 39 ] 7 (at pH 2.2) [Formula: see text] [PW 12 O 40 ] 3 + [P 2 W 21 O 71 ] 6 + [PW 11 O 39 ] 7 + [P 2 W 18 O 62 ] 6 + [P 2 W 19 O 67 ] 10 (at pH 3.5) [Formula: see text] [P 2 W 21 O 71 ] 6 + [PW 11 O 39 ] 7 + [P 2 W 18 O 62 ] 6 (at pH 5.4) [Formula: see text] [PW 9 O 34 ] 9 (at pH 7.3) [Formula: see text] PO 4 3 + WO 4 2 (pH > 8.3). In the first stages at pH < 8, H 3 PW 12 O 40 decomposes partially with removal of W=O units. In the second stage at pH > 8, tungstophosphoric completely decomposes to PO 4 3 . In contrast, the decomposition of H 3 PW 12 O 40 is reduced, or the stability of the [PW 12 O 40 ] 3 anion is enhanced, in ethanolwater or acetone solution at pH < 8. Key words: 12-tungstophosphate heteropolyacid, decomposition behaviour, potentiometric titration, 31 P NMR, preparation high performance liquid chromatography.
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Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
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