Some factors governing the severity of switching surges
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The consequences that the ability of a vacuum switching device to interrupt high-frequency currents can have when it is used to interrupt the starting current of a motor are examined. Experimental tests on a system with a 12 Omega surge impedance cable and a 12 Omega surge impedance source showed that a steep-fronted surge with a risetime of 1 PU per 400 ns can be produced at the motor terminals when the switch closes. Measurements also showed that the rate of rise of the voltage is dependent on the surge impedance of the cable. For example, a similar test with a 50 Omega surge impedance cable and a matching source impedance produces a surge with a risetime of 1 PU per 100 ns. If the bus inductance remains unchanged, the rate of rise of the voltage is approximately proportional to the cable surge impedance as theory predicts. To avoid repeated high-frequency-current zeros, either one or the other end of the cable should have a matched termination. However, matching the source end is almost impossible as the number of lines connected to the incoming busbar is a variable. The motor end can be matched using a resistor in series with a surge capacitor of low reactance at high frequencies.>
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".