Bibliographic record
Abstract
Previous studies of handwriting grip kinetics have demonstrated the ability to classify writers based on the topography of grip forces associated with signature writing.However, the topographic representation requires a large array of individual sensors in practice.The possibility of differentiating participants on the basis of a summative, temporal force profile is yet unknown.In this study, we investigated the variability of features derived from a time-evolving total grip force profile.Using an instrumented writing utensil, twenty adult participants provided 600 samples of a well-practised bogus signature over a period of 10 days.Deploying a combination of temporal, spectral and information-theoretic features, a linear discriminant analysis classifier outperformed nonparametric and nonlinear classifier alternatives and discriminated among participants with an average misclassification rate of 5.8% as estimated by cross-validation.These results suggest the existence of a unique kinetic profile for each writer even when generating the same written product.Our findings highlight the potential of using grip kinetics as a biometric measure.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".