Determining wind velocity and the speed of sound with redundant transponders for a spread spectrum acoustic ranging system
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Acoustic spread spectrum signals offer advantages over radio frequencies when implementing a ranging system. Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers become less accurate when shadowed by buildings and obstacles (see Nebot, E.M. and Durrant-Whyte, H., Robotics and Autonomous Systems, vol.26, p.81-97, 1999). Sound waves offer a larger bandwidth which, when used in conjunction with spread spectrum, can create better immunity to multipath interference. A drawback to transmitting acoustic signals in a ranging system is the fact that the speed of sound can vary. Its speed changes in accordance with the temperature, density and speed of the medium in which it travels. When transmitting an acoustic signal through air, the wind affects the propagation velocity. By accounting for a changing speed of sound, a more accurate acoustic ranging system can be achieved. This paper introduces an approach to calculating both the wind velocity and the propagating speed of sound by using redundant transponders.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".