Parasitoid complex and bionomics of<i>Apanteles polychrosidis</i>(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on the ash leaf-cone roller (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The ash leaf-cone roller, Caloptilia fraxinella (Ely) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) is an introduced leaf-mining moth of horticultural ash trees ( Fraxinus Linnaeus; Oleaceae) in Western Canadian Prairie cities. Here, we identify the dominant parasitoid of this leaf-mining moth as Apanteles polychrosidis Vierek (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and document its emergence pattern, courtship, mating, and host acceptance behaviours. Apanteles polychrosidis adult emergence is protandrous and mating occurs soon after female emergence. Male A. polychrosidis can mate multiple times in short sequence with a mean copulation time of 49 seconds. It is likely that A. polychrosidis overwinters in an alternate larval host, after emergence from C. fraxinella . Mated female A. polychrosidis readily parasitise an alternate host, the obliquebanded leafroller ( Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris); Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), known to overwinter as larvae. Through rearing C. fraxinella pupae, we describe the remainder of the parasitoid complex of C. fraxinella , in order of parasitism rate, as Diadegma Förster (near Diadegma fenestrale (Holmgren)) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), three Sympiesis Förster species (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) ( Sympiesis sericeicornis (Nees von Esenbeck), one near Sympiesis viridula (Thomson) and one unknown species), and Pteromalus phycidis (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and show that several Sympiesis species can be hyperparasitic on A. polychrosidis . Caloptilia fraxinella density within the tree canopy is highest in the lower canopy. Host density and abiotic factors such as temperature and light intensity do not influence the within-canopy distribution of most parasitoids except Sympiesis species, which preferred the northern canopy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".