Effects of Ipratropium on Exercise-Induced Cough in Winter Athletes: A Hypothesis-Generating Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Exercise-induced cough (EIC) is frequently reported by winter athletes, but this symptom is not always associated with exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB). The aims of this study were to determine if EIC can be inhibited or reduced with the inhalation of ipratropium, and if EIC in winter athletes is associated with EIB. METHODS: On 2 visits, 24 cross-country skiers (10 males and 12 females, mean age 17 ± 3 years) performed an outdoor exercise in the winter (30-minute warm-up, followed by a 3-minute sprint), randomly preceded by the inhalation of ipratropium or a placebo. A spirometry was done at baseline and 20 minutes after inhalation of ipratropium or placebo. Exercise was then performed, followed by the measurement of forced expiratory volume in 1 second and the recording of the number of coughs until 60 minutes after exercise. Before and after exercise, the perception of cough intensity was evaluated using a modified Borg scale. RESULTS: Twelve of 16 athletes who completed the study (75%) were symptomatic following exercise with placebo (number of coughs ≥ 5), but none developed EIB. For these athletes, the number of coughs after exercise (mean number of coughs ± standard deviation: placebo, 26 ± 14; ipratropium, 25 ± 23; P value, nonsignificant) and the maximal perception score for cough intensity (mean Borg score ± standard deviation: placebo, 1.9 ± 1.2; ipratropium, 2.0 ± 1.1; P value, nonsignificant) were not significantly different between ipratropium and placebo. A decrease in the number of coughs was observed in 6 of the symptomatic athletes and an increase was observed in the other 6, resulting in a nonsignificant mean effect. CONCLUSIONS: Ipratropium does not appear to significantly influence the number and the perception of cough following exercise. Moreover, these results suggest that EIC is not mainly associated with EIB. However, a subgroup of athletes seems to show a beneficial response to ipratropium, suggesting different cough responses in this population.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".