Narrowband shear wave generation by a finite-amplitude radiation force: The fundamental component
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A highly localized source of low-frequency shear waves can be created by the modulated radiation force resulting from two intersecting quasi-continuous-wave ultrasound beams of slightly different frequencies. In contrast to most other radiation force-based methods, these shear waves can be narrowband. Consequently, different frequency-dependent effects will not significantly affect their spectrum as they propagate within a viscoelastic medium, thereby enabling the viscoelastic shear properties of the medium to be determined at any given modulation frequency. This can be achieved by tracking the shear wave phase delay and change in amplitude over a specific distance. In this paper we explore the properties of short duration (dynamic) low-frequency shear wave propagation and study how the shear displacement field depends on the excitation conditions. Our investigations make use of the approximate Green's functions for viscoelastic media, and the evolution of such waves is studied in the spatiotemporal domain from a theoretical perspective. Although nonlinearities are included in our confocal source model, just the properties of the fundamental shear component are examined in this paper. We examine how the shear wave propagation is affected by the shear viscosity, the coupling wave, the spatial distribution of the force, the shear speed, and the duration of the modulated wave. A method is proposed for estimating the shear viscosity of a viscoelastic medium. In addition, it is shown how the Voigt model paremeters can be extracted from the frequency-dependent speed and attenuation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".