Cardiorespiratory responses of the common carp (<i>Cyprinus carpio</i>) to severe hypoxia at three acclimation temperatures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In vivo measurements of the cardiovascular responses of anoxia-tolerant teleosts to severe prolonged hypoxia are limited. Here, we report the first direct measurements of cardiac output (Q), heart rate (f(H)) and stroke volume during prolonged severe hypoxia (<0.3 mg O(2) l(-1)) in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) that had been acclimated to 6, 10 and 15 degrees C. While routine Q and f(H) values varied with temperature under normoxic conditions (Q(10) values of 1.7 and 2.6, respectively), severe hypoxic exposure significantly depressed f(H) and Q to similar minimum values that were largely independent of acclimation temperature (Q(10) values of 1.2). In contrast, the duration of cardiac depression and the subsequent time period during which carp could tolerate severe hypoxia were inversely related to acclimation temperature (24 h at 6 degrees C, 6 h at 10 degrees C, and 2.5 h at 6 degrees C). Likewise, respiration rate during hypoxia showed a temperature dependence. An unusual finding was that cardiorespiratory status partially recovered during the latter stages of severe hypoxic exposure. We conclude that the cardiorespiratory responses to severe prolonged hypoxia in common carp involved a mixture of temperature-independent, temperature-dependent and time domain phases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".