Universal Public Health Insurance and Private Coverage: Externalities in Health Care Consumption
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Puisqu’il est possible d’acheter, à titre privé, des services de santé, on observe une inégalité dans l’accès à ces services. Or, cela semble poser, sur le plan des politiques publiques, un défi plus important que l’inégalité existant dans d’autres domaines. Dans cet article, j’analyse le rapport entre l’inégalité dans l’accès aux services de santé et le bien-être collectif. J’examine les sources de la demande d’assurance-maladie privée, et les liens qu’il y a entre cette demande et la santé, les tendances sur le plan des dépenses gouvernementales en santé, et le bien-être individuel et collectif. Ensuite, je suggère une approche originale, en matière de politiques publiques, d’aborder les coûts sociaux des services de santé.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.014 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.024 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".