Protection of Neonatal Broiler Chicks Against Salmonella Typhimurium Septicemia by DNA Containing CpG Motifs
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) containing cytosine-phosphodiester-guanine (CpG-ODN) motifs have been shown to stimulate the innate immune system against a variety of bacterial and protozoan infections in a variety of vertebrate species. The objective of this study was to investigate the immunostimulatory effect of CpG-ODN in neonatal broilers against Salmonella Typhimurium septicemia. Day-old broiler chicks, or embryonated eggs that had been incubated for 18 days, received 50 µg of CpG-ODN, 50 µg of non-CpG-ODN, or saline. Four days after exposure to CpG-ODN or day 2 posthatch, 1 × 106 or 1 × 107 colony-forming units (cfu) of a virulent isolate of Salmonella Typhimurium was inoculated by the subcutaneous route in the neck. Clinical signs, pathology, bacterial isolations from the air sacs, and mortality were observed for 10 days following challenge with Salmonella Typhimurium. The survival rate of birds in groups receiving either non-CpG-ODN or saline following Salmonella Typhimurium infection was 40%–45%. In contrast, birds receiving CpG-ODN had significantly higher survival rate of 80%–85% (P < 0.0001). Bacterial loads and pathology were low in groups treated with CpG-ODN compared to the groups receiving saline or non-CpG-ODN. Colony-forming units of Salmonella Typhimurium in the peripheral blood were significantly lower in birds treated with CpG-ODN compared to the group that received saline. This is the first time that CpG-ODN has been demonstrated to have an immunoprotective effect against an intracellular bacterial infection in neonatal broiler chickens following in ovo delivery.Protección de pollos de engorde recién nacidos contra septicemia causada por Salmonella Typhimurium mediante ADN con motivos CpG.Se ha demostrado que los oligodeoxinucleótidos que contienen motivos CpG (por sus siglas en Inglés CpG-ODN), estimulan el sistema inmune innato contra una variedad de infecciones bacterianas y de protozoarios en varias especies de vertebrados. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el efecto inmunoestimulatorio de CpG-ODN contra Salmonella Typhimurium en pollos de engorde recién nacidos. Pollitos de engorde de un día de edad o huevos fértiles en el día 18 de la etapa embrionaria, recibieron 50 µg de CpG-ODN, 50 µg de oligodeoxinucleótidos sin motivos CpG (No-CpG-ODN) o solución salina. Cuatro días después de la exposición a los CpG-ODN o dos días después del nacimiento, las aves se inocularon subcutáneamente en el cuello con 1 × 106 o 1 × 107 unidades formadoras de colonias de un aislamiento virulento de Salmonella Typhimurium. Posterior al desafío, las aves se observaron durante 10 días para la aparición de signos clínicos, alteraciones patológicas, aislamiento bacteriano de los sacos aéreos y mortalidad. La tasa de supervivencia posterior a la infección con Salmonella Typhimurium en los grupos que recibieron No-CpG-ODN o solución salina fue de un 40 a 45%. En contraste, las aves que recibieron CpG-ODN mostraron una tasa de supervivencia significativamente mas alta de 80 a 85% (P < 0.0001). En comparación con los grupos que recibieron No-CpG-ODN o solución salina, las cargas bacterianas y la patología de las aves que recibieron CpG-ODN fueron bajas. Las unidades formadoras de colonia de Salmonella Typhimurium en sangre periférica fueron significativamente menores en las aves tratadas con CpG-ODN que en las aves tratadas con solución salina. Esta es la primera vez que se demuestra que los CpG-ODN administrados in ovo tienen un efecto contra una infección bacteriana intracelular en pollos de engorde recién nacidos.Abbreviations: CCS = cumulative clinical score; cfu = colony-forming units; CpG-ODN = cytosine-phosphodiester-guanine oligodeoxynucleotides; IFN-γ = interferon gamma; IL = interleukin; NK = natural killer cells; PAMPs = pathogen-associated molecular patterns; TLR = Toll-like receptor; TSIA = triple-sugar iron agar
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it