Tetraethylammonium-evoked oscillatory contractions of rat tail artery: A K-K model
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Spontaneously rhythmic contraction of peripheral blood vessels actively modulates the peripheral circulation and blood pressure. However, the underlying mechanisms for the complex rhythmic contraction patterns of various vascular tissues are not yet fully understood. In the present study, the tetraethylammonium (TEA)-induced spontaneously oscillatory contractions of isolated rat tail artery tissues were examined. It was found that TEA evoked arterial oscillatory contractions in a concentration-dependent, but endothelium-independent manner. The voltage-dependent K+ (Kv) channel specific blocker, 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), induced a sustained, but not oscillated, vascular contraction. The presence of 4-AP had no effect on the TEA-induced oscillatory contractions. The blockade of KCa channels with charybdotoxin or apamin did not affect the basal force of vascular tissues. Neither the TEA-induced oscillatory contraction was affected by these blockers. The opening of KATP channels by levcromakalim or their blockade by glybenclamide ceased or increased, respectively, the oscillation of TEA-induced contractions. The absence of Ca2+ or the presence of nifedipine in the bath solution completely abolished the effects of TEA. The inhibition of Ca2+-ATPase in the sarcoplasmic reticulum with micromolar concentrations of thapsigargin or cyclopiazonic acid either abolished or enhanced, respectively, the TEA-induced oscillatory contractions. Ryanodine did not affect the TEA-induced oscillatory contraction. In conclusion, the TEA-induced oscillatory contraction may be initiated by the blockade of the TEA-sensitive delayed rectifier K+ channels and maintained by the TEA-insensitive but ATP-sensitive K+ channels. This K-K model presents a novel mechanism for the depolarization-induced rhythmic contractions of small arteries.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".