Friction and confinement effects on a shallow recirculating flow
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Experiments were conducted to study confinement and friction effects on a shallow recirculating flow that was formed in a lateral expansion of an open-channel flow on a smooth bed. Dye was introduced to the flow as tracer. The instantaneous dye concentration in the flow was captured by video simultaneously across the width and along the length of the flume. The mean and the root-mean-square values of the dye-concentration fluctuations at selected cross sections along the flow are analyzed and compared with a previous series of data that were collected using a probe to measure the concentration one point at a time. The previous experiment was conducted in a small flume on a roughen bed. The new flume in the present experiment was 2.35 times wider. The large width of the new flume facilitates the study of the same friction effect on a smooth bed over a greater range of the confinement effect. In comparison with the previous experiments, the dye concentration in the present experiments is higher for the same range of bed-friction numbers. The difference in the results is tentatively attributed to the bed-generated turbulence. Key words: recirculating flow, shallow open-channel flow, quasi-two-dimensional turbulent flow, horizontal turbulence, bed-generated turbulence, friction effects, tracer concentration measurements, video imaging method.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".