Altered mesenteric venous capacitance and volume pooling in cirrhotic rats are mediated by nitric oxide
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In cirrhosis, despite augmented blood volume, effective circulating volume is decreased. This implies abnormal regulation of blood volume, i.e., venous pooling. Because gut veins are the main blood reservoir, we studied mesenteric venous capacitance and compliance in a rat model of cirrhosis. Cirrhosis was induced by bile duct ligation (4 wk). Controls were sham operated. Changes in first-order mesenteric vein diameters induced by drugs, hemorrhage, and stepwise increases in portal pressure (inflatable cuff) were directly observed by intravital microscopy. Effects of nitric oxide on responses to acute graded hemorrhage were studied by use of selective NO synthase (NOS) isoform inhibitors. Pressures were related to diameters to assess capacitance and compliance. Compared with controls, cirrhotic rats demonstrated increased mesenteric venous capacitance and decreased compliance. Norepinephrine induced venoconstriction but did not affect compliance. Prazosin markedly diminished compliance in controls but not cirrhotics. Conversely, the nonspecific NOS inhibitor N-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) decreased compliance in cirrhotics, but not controls. Tetrodotoxin venodilated controls, venoconstricted cirrhotics, and markedly decreased compliance in both groups. When hemorrhaged, controls rapidly venoconstricted to compensate for initial hypotension, whereas cirrhotic rats remained hypotensive because venoconstriction was severely blunted. Pretreatment with l-NAME or the selective neuronal NOS inhibitors S-methyl-l-thiocitrulline and 7-nitroindazole normalized the homeostatic responses of cirrhotic rats, whereas the selective endothelial-constitutive NOS inhibitor N-iminoethyl-l-ornithine did not affect the response. In conclusion, mesenteric veins of cirrhotic rats showed enhanced capacitance, attenuated compensatory constrictive response to hemorrhage, and decreased compliance. The first two abnormalities were caused by neuronal NOS-derived nitric oxide.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".