IMPACTS OF HOUSING DEVELOPMENTS ON WOOD THRUSH NESTING SUCCESS IN HARDWOOD FOREST FRAGMENTS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We studied the impacts of low density, exurban housing developments on Wood Thrushes (Hylocichla mustelina) breeding in small forest fragments in two regions of rural southern Ontario. In both regions, Wood Thrushes breeding in woodlots with embedded houses (housing penetrating the forest border) experienced significantly higher rates of parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) than Wood Thrushes breeding in woodlots with adjacent houses (houses within 100 m of the forest edge), or undeveloped woodlots (no houses within 100 m of the forest edge). Wood Thrushes breeding in Peterborough area woodlots with embedded or adjacent houses experienced significantly increased rates of nest predation compared to Wood Thrushes breeding in undeveloped woodlots. This increased nest predation resulted in significant reductions in seasonal productivity in developed woodlots. No increase in nest predation was experienced by Wood Thrushes nesting in developed woodlots in the Ottawa region. The effects of housing developments appear to be region-specific and may depend on other factors influencing the overall abundance of cowbirds. Impactos de la Construcción de Viviendas en el Éxito de Nidificación de Hylocichla mustelina en Fragmentos de Bosque Resumen. Estudiamos los impactos de la construcción en baja densidad de viviendas peri-urbanas sobre individuos de Hylocichla mustelina que se encontraron criando en fragmentos pequeños de bosque en dos regiones rurales del sur de Ontario. En ambas regiones, los individuos de H. mustelina que se reprodujeron en bosques donde había casas inmersas (que penetraban el borde del bosque) experimentaron tasas de parasitismo por Molothrus ater significativamente mayores que los individuos criando en bosques con casas adyacentes (dispuestas a menos de 100 m del borde del bosque), o en bosques no alterados por la presencia de casas (a más de 100 m del borde del bosque). Los individuos de H. mustelina que se encontraron criando en áreas boscosas de Peterborough, donde las casas estaban adentro o adyacentes al bosque, experimentaron incrementos significativos en las tasas de depredación de nidos comparados con individuos que criaron en bosques no alterados. Este incremento en la depredación de nidos llevó a reducciones significativas en la productividad estacional en los bosques con viviendas. No registramos un incremento en la depredación de nidos de H. mustelina en bosques con viviendas en la región de Ottawa. Los efectos de la construcción de viviendas parecen estar relacionados de modo específico con la región y podrían depender de otros factores que influencian la abundancia de M. ater.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".