Multiphoton microscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging provide a novel method in studying drug distribution and metabolism in the rat liver in vivo
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Multiphoton microscopy has been shown to be a useful tool in studying drug distribution in biological tissues. In addition, fluorescence lifetime imaging provides information about the structure and dynamics of fluorophores based on their fluorescence lifetimes. Fluorescein, a commonly used fluorescent probe, is metabolized within liver cells to fluorescein mono-glucuronide, which is also fluorescent. Fluorescein and its glucuronide have similar excitation and emission spectra, but different fluorescence lifetimes. In this study, we employed multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging to study the distribution and metabolism of fluorescein and its metabolite in vivo in rat liver. Fluorescence lifetime values in vitro were used to interpret in vivo data. Our results show that the mean fluorescence lifetimes of fluorescein and its metabolite decrease over time after injection of fluorescein in three different regions of the liver. In conclusion, we have demonstrated a novel method to study a fluorescent compound and metabolite in vivo using multiphoton fluorescence lifetime imaging.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".