Velocity of E-region HF echoes under strongly-driven electrojet conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. Data collected by the Stokkseyri SuperDARN HF radar simultaneously at short and far ranges are used to investigate the relationship between the velocity of E-region HF echoes, E×B electron drift and the isothermal ion-acoustic speed CS. The work targets large E×B drifts of >1000 m s−1 and observations predominantly along the flow. By considering the EISCAT temperature and electric field data, an empirical relationship between the E×B drift velocity and CS is established for a number of ionospheric heights. For the Stokkseyri HF radar beams oriented roughly along the E×B direction, the observed E-region HF velocities are consistent with the CS values at the bottom of the electrojet but not at its center. For a subset of the data with smooth and consistent velocity variation with the beam azimuth at both short and far radar ranges the velocity varies according to the cosine law. For the E-region echoes, the proportionality coefficient in the cosine law is consistent with the CS values at the bottom of the electrojet. For these events, the E-region velocity maximum is shown to be between the E×B and electric field directions. The statistically average shift is ~20° and it increases slightly with the E×B magnitude.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".