Interpopulation Differences in Courtship and Spawning Behavior in the Brook Stickleback (Culaea Inconstans)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Although behavioral variability has been well documented in the threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus, very little is known about the extent of variability in the other members of the Gasterosteidae. We investigated the courtship and spawning repertoires of four allopatric populations of brook stickleback Culaea inconstans from Algonquin Park, central Ontario, Tooley Creek, southern Ontario, Two Mile Creek, New York and Sutherland Creek, Nebraska. The results indicated that the male courtship repertoire is quite conservative, with behavioral differences appearing primarily in the frequency and duration of headdown and broadside threat displays performed during courtship and the frequency and duration of male quivering bouts once females enter the nest. In addition to documenting male behavioral variability, data are presented showing that female C. inconstans spend a substantially longer duration of time in the nest than other gasterosteids, and that the length of time a female spends in the nest may be influenced by male behavior performed during egg deposition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".