Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effect of particle-gas and particle-particle interactions in a cold spray process is studied when the particle loading is high. To examine the effect of the presence of a dense particulate flow on the supersonic gas, an Eulerian-Eulerian approach is used. It is found that when the volume fraction of the injected particles is increased, the turbulence of the gas phase will be augmented by the motion of particles and consequently, the shape, strength and location of the compression and expansion waves will be altered. Shock-particle interactions are demonstrated for various volume fractions. Another important parameter which will affect the spraying deposition efficiency is the substrate stand-off distance. It is found that the stagnation pressure alternates for different stand-off distances because of the formation of compression and expansion waves outside the nozzle exit. Particle normal velocity upon impact is a strong function of the stagnation pressure on the substrate as particles must pierce through the bow shock formed on that region. The substrate stand-off distance can be optimized to provide minimal pressure build-up on the substrate. This will result in a higher normal velocity upon impact and thus a higher deposition efficiency.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".