LIFE-HISTORY CORRELATES OF HORN ASYMMETRY IN MOUNTAIN GOATS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) refers to small random deviations from perfect bilateral symmetry. Because FA reflects the ability of individuals to undergo stable development, it may provide a potential measure of individual quality. We assessed whether horn asymmetry was related to life-history traits in individually marked mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) over 10 years. Horn length exhibited FA and was related positively to absolute asymmetry in both sexes. Relative asymmetry in horn length did not vary with either sex or age. Horns of surviving juvenile (1- and 2-year-old) males were more symmetrical than horns of those that died, but horn asymmetry did not affect survival of juvenile females or adults of either sex. Horn asymmetry was not related to body condition in juveniles of either sex or in adult males, but adult females with symmetrical horns were in better condition than those with asymmetrical horns. Similarly, horn asymmetry was related negatively to body mass in adult females but not in other sex–age classes. Horns of dominant females were more symmetrical than those of subordinate females. Females that produced a young in their year of capture had more symmetrical horns than females that did not reproduce, and horn asymmetry was correlated negatively with long-term reproductive success in females. Nonetheless, asymmetry in horn length of females did not influence survival of young and was not related to age of primiparity. Analysis of our results indicates that asymmetry in horn length is a phenotypic marker of individual quality in females but does not point to a strong relationship between horn asymmetry and life-history traits in adult males.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".