<I>Rhagoletis zephyria</I> (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the Great Lakes Basin: a Native Insect on Native Hosts?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the Great Lakes region, Rhagoletis zephyria Snow (Diptera: Tephritidae) infests snowberries, Symphoricarpos albus variety laevigatus (Fern.) Blake, a western North American native plant that has been introduced widely into eastern North America. These R. zephyria infestations have been hypothesized to be the result of flies that were introduced into eastern North America along with their host plants. In its native range, R. zephyria infests S. albus variety laevigatus, but it infests a related host, Symphoricarpos occidentalis Hook., in the northern Great Plains. Knowledge of the natural geographic and host ranges of R. zephyria is important. R. zephyria is a sibling species of the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), and aspects of R. zephyria biology can be applied to work on speciation mechanisms. Additionally, the possible co-occurrence of morphologically similar R. zephyria and R. pomonella in apple (Malus spp.)-growing regions complicates the positive identification of trap-caught flies in the R. pomonella species group. Here, we examine the hypothesis that R. zephyria in the Great Lakes region has been introduced. Collections of R. zephyria yielded new state/provincial records in Idaho, South Dakota, Nebraska, Wisconsin, Michigan, Pennsylvania, New York, Massachusetts, Maine, and Ontario and Quebec, Canada, and a new host record, S. albus variety albus, which is native to eastern North America. Finding R. zephyria infesting native host plants in the eastern United States leads us to hypothesize that R. zephyria infestations in the Great Lakes region may not be the result of recent (historical) introductions of R. zephyria, but rather they may represent native R. zephyria populations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".