Effects of Increasing Concentrations of Dimethyl Sulfoxide During Cryopreservation of Porcine Articular Cartilage
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cryopreservation of intact articular cartilage (AC) may provide a source of tissues that will enhance long-term results of osteochondral transplantation for large, unconfined joint defects. This study investigated the effects of increasing dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) concentrations on chondrocyte recovery in intact porcine AC after a rapidcooling cryopreservation technique. Osteochondral dowels 10 mm in diameter were harvested, immersed in various concentrations of Me2SO (1 M, 3 M, 5 M, 6 M, and 7 M), and cryopreserved using a rapid-cooling technique by plunging into liquid nitrogen after initial cooling in an ice-water bath. Fresh controls, toxicity controls, and an experimental group were compared. Slices 70 μ m thick (divided into three layers - superficial, middle, and deep) were evaluated after membrane integrity dye staining by fluorescence microscopy. High concentrations of Me2SO (6 M and 7 M) demonstrated significant protection from cryoinjury, likely due to vitrification, but this was compromised by significant cellular toxicity. Low concentrations of Me2SO (1 M and 3 M) exhibited significantly less cellular toxicity but did not protect against cryoinjury. The superficial layer demonstrated significantly increased cellular toxicity compared with the deeper layers at all Me2SO concentrations. Me2SO at 6 M demonstrated the highest recovery of chondrocytes after the cryopreservation procedure, with 42% recovery compared with fresh controls (59% recovery compared with toxicity controls), with the middle layer of the sample demonstrating the optimal balance between cellular toxicity and cryoprotection with an intact cell recovery of 56% (compared with fresh controls). This study demonstrated that concentrations of Me2SO sufficient to result in vitrification have significant potential to successfully cryopreserve intact AC. Further investigation is required to limit potential causes cell loss, including cryoprotectant toxicity, devitrification, and heat transfer.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".