A GNSS Antenna With a Polarization Selective Surface for the Mitigation of Low-Angle Multipath Interference
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a nonresonant polarization selective surface (PSS) to address the problem of multipath distortion in global navigation satellite system (GNSS) antennas. The study of the radiated fields of a circular patch antenna reveals that surface wave (SW) radiation on the edges is not the major source of a high axial ratio (AR) at grazing angles, which opposes presently accepted theory. It is shown that the AR problem originates in the different θ dependence of the intrinsic field components E <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">θ</sub> and E <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">φ</sub> . The use of a three-layer-tapered FSS in close proximity to the patch modifies Eθ and results in an acceptable AR for angles close to 90°. An AR better than 2 dB is achieved at angles beyond the horizon (θ = 90°) and in all planes at the GPS L1 frequency band (f = 1.575 GHz). This solution outperforms the techniques in literature in terms of profile, diameter, performance, and simplicity.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it