Breeding-Season Survival of Male and Female Mallards in Canada's Prairie-Parklands
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Despite greater harvest rates of males, mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) populations exhibit male-biased sex ratios, presumably because females experience greater mortality during breeding seasons than do males. Nest success and adult female survival during the breeding season greatly impact mallard population growth; however, no study has evaluated breeding-season survival of males and females simultaneously using radiotelemetry. We captured, radiomarked, and monitored 90 male and 272 female mallards during 2 breeding seasons in the Prairie-Parkland region of Canada (Manitoba 1998, Saskatchewan 1999). Model-averaged estimates of female breeding season (i.e., 15 Apr–14 Jul) survival probabilities were 0.84 (SE = 0.031) in 1998 and 0.71 (SE = 0.040) in 1999. Estimated survival probabilities of paired males were 0.99 (SE = 0.016) in 1998 and 0.98 (SE = 0.025) in 1999; survival estimates for unpaired males were 0.92 (SE = 0.052) in 1998 and 0.85 (SE = 0.083) in 1999. Female mortality was greatest during periods of intensive nesting, whereas limited male mortalities precluded identification of attributes linked to mortality. Our results suggest that breeding-season survival of males has little impact on mallard population growth, and that management efforts to increase female survival rates offer greater potential to enhance mallard production.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".