MALE-FEMALE DIFFERENCES IN PARENTAL CARE IN MONOGAMOUS CRESTED AUKLETS
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We studied patterns of parental care in Crested Auklets (Aethia cristatella), a monogamous seabird, for three breeding seasons (1996–1998) in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, using radio-telemetry. In 1996, we found no sexual differences in parental care, low breeding site attendance rates, and reduced occurrences of copepods in food samples delivered to chicks, suggesting that food availability may have been low. In 1997 and 1998, we found significant differences in parental care between males and females, particularly early in the chick-rearing period: males attended and brooded their single chick 75% and 90% longer than females, while females provisioned 33% and 36% more often than males, respectively. We also found significant differences between prey types delivered to chicks by males and females for these two years. Males brought in 30% more euphausiids, a relatively large pelagic crustacean, than females, whereas females brought in 36% more copepods, a smaller crustacean, than males; however, prey mass per load did not differ. In 1998, we experimentally measured how vulnerable unattended young chicks were using models placed in unoccupied crevices. Eighty-three percent of the models showed signs of attack, presumably by conspecific adults. We concluded that unattended Crested Auklet chicks are highly vulnerable to attack. We suggest that males took on a greater role in chick brooding than their mates because they have a larger and more strongly hooked bill and are more aggressive than females, and thus better equipped than females to guard young chicks or the crevice breeding site. Diferencias en el Cuidado Parental entre Machos y Hembras en la Especie Monógama Aethia cristatella Resumen. Utilizando radiotelemetría para estudiar los patrones de cuidado parental en Aethia cristatella, un ave marina monógama, durante tres períodos reproductivos (1996–1998) en las Islas Aleutianas, Alaska. En 1996 no encontramos diferencias sexuales en el cuidado parental, encontramos bajas tasas de presencia en el lugar de nidificación, y baja ocurrencia de copépodos en las muestras de alimento entregadas a los polluelos, lo cual sugiere que la disponibilidad de alimento podría haber sido baja. En 1997 y 1998 encontramos diferencias significativas en el cuidado parental entre hembras y machos, particularmente en el período temprano de cría de los polluelos. Los machos asistieron y empollaron su único polluelo por un período un 75% y 90% más largo que las hembras, mientras que las hembras aprovisionaron con una frecuencia un 33% y 36% mayor que los machos, respectivamente. También encontramos diferencias significativas entre el tipo de presa entregado por las hembras y por los machos durante los dos años. Los machos entregaron un 30% más de eufáusidos (crustáceos pelágico relativamente grandes) que las hembras, mientras que éstas entregaron un 36% más de copépodos (crustáceos más pequeños) que los machos. Sin embargo, el peso de la carga de alimento no varió. En 1998 medimos experimentalmente la vulnerabilidad de los polluelos no cuidados utilizando modelos situados en grietas desocupadas. El 83% de los modelos presentaron signos de ataques presumiblemente producidos por adultos coespecíficos. Concluimos que los polluelos no cuidados de A. cristatella son altamente vulnerables a ataques. Sugerimos que los machos tomaron un rol más importante en la crianza de los polluelos que sus parejas debido a que ellos presentan un pico más grande y fuertemente arqueado y son más agresivos que las hembras. Por lo tanto están mejor equipados que las hembras para proteger a los polluelos o proteger el sitio de nidificación.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it