AGE-RELATED DIFFERENTIAL TIMING OF SPRING MIGRATION WITHIN SEXES IN PASSERINES
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We examined differential timing of spring migration by age class for passerines banded at Long Point Bird Observatory from 1984 to 1998. Mean capture dates of after-second-year (ASY) males were earlier than second-year (SY) males for 19 of 20 species, 16 significantly so. Mean capture dates of ASY females were earlier than SY females for 11 of 12 species, 8 significantly so. There was no significant difference in the timing of migration between age classes for males of species with highly distinctive SY plumages and males of other species with more subtle plumage differences between age classes. For 12 species with adequate samples of both sexes, the mean difference in capture dates between age classes was significantly greater for males (3.5 days) than for females (2.1 days). These results suggest that differential migration by age class is widespread among passerines and that factors leading to the delayed arrival of young males also may affect females, though to a lesser extent.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".