TIME-EXPANSION AND ZERO-CROSSING PERIOD METER SYSTEMS PRESENT SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT VIEWS OF ECHOLOCATION CALLS OF BATS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We compared 2 bat detecting systems that use condenser microphones, 1 that performed computer analysis (Anabat6) of the output of a zero-crossing period meter (Anabat system) and the other that performed computer analysis (Canary 1.2) of the output of slowed-down (= time-expanded) recordings (Racal system). The 2 systems provided significantly different pictures of both numbers and characteristics (highest frequency, lowest frequency, and duration) of echolocation calls, whether recorded from free-flying bats in the field or from a stationary bat in the laboratory. Although the AnabatII detector was slightly more sensitive than the QMC S200 detector, the Racal system detected more echolocation calls than the Anabat system; the 19-dB difference in sensitivity was associated with a zero-crossing period meter in the Anabat system. Results suggest 2 recommendations. First, that analysis using zero-crossing period meters should not be used to describe echolocation behavior or calls of bats. Second, that studies of activity and use of habitat based on analysis using zero-crossing period meters should involve calibration against more sensitive bat-detecting systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".