Vocalizations emitted during mother-young interactions by captive eastern red bats Lasiurus borealis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We recorded acoustic signals during interactions between mother eastern red bats and their nursing young. Mothers and young produced tonal (structured change in frequency over time) frequency-modulated (FM) signals with varying harmonic components in situations ranging from reunion to just before nursing. Pups left by their mothers were usually silent, only occasionally producing tonal isolation calls. Adult females used FM signals in stressful situations, times when young usually produced clicks. Vibrational signals (‘hums’) composed of clicks (broadband, no structured change in frequency over time) characterized pup-pup and mother-pup interactions but pups also used other clicks that differed in frequency components from clicks comprising the hums. In stressful situations, adults produced FM signals, the pups, clicks. FM signals of pups decreased in frequencies with increasing age (size). Echolocation calls of adults and subadults hunting flying prey differed in frequency components. Differences in duration of echolocation calls coincided with setting (short calls in flight cages, open calls in the open). FM signals produced by pups searching for their mothers' nipples showed little potential for individual signatures. Calls and calling behaviour of eastern red bats that are solitary and foliage-roosting, differed from those of more gregarious species roosting in more sheltered situations.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".