Bandwagoning, Balancing, and Small States: A Case of Sri Lanka
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article reviews two popular foreign policy orientations of small states: bandwagoning and balancing. The policies show how small countries can effectively engage in addressing great power politics. The paper explores two critical foreign policy decisions made by Sri Lanka after its independence in 1948: the signing of the Defense agreement and External Affairs agreement with the British government in 1948 and proposing, as a collective decision of Non-aligned members, to make the Indian Ocean a pace zone in 1971. The first decision reflected the way Sri Lanka bandwagoned with a threatening great power: Britain. The second incident referred to its desire to balance itself against threatening powers during the Cold War. This article accepts that Sri Lanka’s choice of either aligning with powerful countries or aligning with small powers in the Non-aligned movement offset disadvantages traditionally associated with Sri Lanka. The overall findings of the study suggest that both bandwagoning and balancing policies helped Sri Lanka to derive specific advantages and ensure its national interests.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.016 | 0.013 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".