WINTER FORAGING BEHAVIOR AND PREY SELECTION OF THE SEMIPALMATED PLOVER IN COASTAL VENEZUELA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We studied wintering Semipalmated Plovers (Charadrius semipalmatus) in a mangrove and open bay site in coastal Venezuela to determine whether the minor sexual dimorphism in bill and tarsus lengths in this species was correlated with sexual differences in habitat use, behavior during foraging, and diet. We found no significant differences between the sexes in either habitat use on the mudflats or distances to conspecifics. Neither sex exhibited territorial behavior. Males used significantly more shallow pecks than did females, who used more repetitive probing, particularly at the open bay site. Diets differed between the sexes in the relative abundance of prey in the fecal samples in both habitats, with samples from males containing significantly more dipteran larvae and samples from females containing more copepods and bivalves. Prey size did not vary between the sexes. We documented significant site differences in habitat use, foraging behavior, and diet, probably as a result of differences in prey availability.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".