NOCTURNAL FORAGING BEHAVIOR OF WINTERING SURF SCOTERS AND WHITE-WINGED SCOTERS
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We studied the nocturnal foraging behavior of Surf Scoters (Melanitta perspicillata) and White-winged Scoters (Melanitta fusca) during winter in coastal British Columbia, Canada. Using radio telemetry, we collected nocturnal and diurnal data documenting the frequency of foraging dives and the location of scoters in relation to their intertidal foraging grounds. We found that dive foraging rarely occurred during nocturnal periods for either species. Only 2% of nocturnal observation blocks for both scoter species contained diving, compared with 98% of diurnal observation blocks. This corresponded to an average of only 0.1 min spent underwater per half-hour observation block during the night and over 7 min during the day. Both species of scoters were located farther offshore and in deeper waters during nocturnal hours, indicating that they were not using intertidal foraging areas at night. Our results suggest that Surf Scoters and White-winged Scoters face daylight-imposed limits on the amount of available foraging time. These potential day-length restrictions should be considered when reviewing human activities that potentially alter the amount of available foraging time or food supplies in winter habitats. Comportamiento de Forrajeo Nocturno de Melanitta perspicillata y M. fusca Resumen. Se estudió el comportamiento de forrajeo nocturno de Melanitta perspicillata y M. fusca durante el invierno en la costa de British Columbia. Utilizando radio-telemetría, se colectaron datos nocturnos y diurnos sobre la frecuencia de buceos para alimentarse y la ubicación de las aves con relación a la zona intermareal. Se encontró que los buceos nocturnos son infrecuentes para ambas especies. Sólo en el 2% de las observaciones nocturnas de ambas especies se presentaron instancias de buceo, en comparación con el 98% de las observaciones diurnas. Esto corresponde a un promedio de 0.11 minutos bajo el agua por cada 30 minutos de observación durante la noche y más de 7 minutos durante el día. Ambas especies se ubicaron más alejadas de la costa y en aguas más profundas durante la noche, indicando que los individuos no utilizaron zonas intermareales durante este periodo. Estos resultados sugieren que M. perspicillata y M. fusca enfrentan restricciones en el número de horas disponibles para alimentarse en función de la cantidad de luz. El efecto de la duración del día debe ser considerado cuando se estudia el impacto de actividades humanas que pueden alterar el tiempo disponible para forrajeo o la cantidad de alimento durante el invierno.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it