Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present a synthesis of diet information for all 78 species of extant African Bovidae (excluding goats and sheep), based on an extensive survey of the literature. We compiled data on food types (percentages of fruits, dicotelydons, and monocotyledons), seasonal and geographic variability, and body mass. Information reported in the literature was evaluated critically to assess its reliability. We performed cluster analyses to identify 6 discrete dietary strategies: frugivores, browsers, generalists, browser–grazer intermediates, variable grazers, and obligate grazers. We identified a positive correlation between an increase in the proportion of monocots in the diet and body mass, and a negative correlation between increases in proportions of dicots and fruits and body mass. We found some degree of correspondence between taxonomic groupings and dietary strategies. Species in the tribes Alcelaphini, Hippotragini, and Reduncini have high proportions of monocots in their diets. Cephalophini, with the exception of Sylvicapra, are frugivores. Tragelaphini and Neotragini, with the exception of Ourebia, have diets that include high proportions of dicots.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".