Why informally employed Chinese women do not go to the doctor
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Informal employment, in which workers have no security of employment and receive few or no health insurance benefits, has risen sharply in urban China in the last decade. The percentage of women in informal employment in China is higher than in the formal employment sector; 'feminization' has thus become a key feature of informal employment in China. A feminized informal labor sector has far-reaching effects on the status of women's health and on women's health-seeking behavior. To better understand this behavior, especially barriers to health seeking, we conducted 34 interviews informally employed women in Guangzhou, China. For comparative purposes, we also interviewed 22 men in the informal labor sector. Findings reveal that compared with men, women have more serious health problems but report seeking medical attention less frequently. Financial constraints, distrust of doctors and medical expenses, unfriendly treatment environments and traditional attitudes about health and illness among women were the main barriers to health seeking. Implications for health promotion are discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".