Bibliographic record
Abstract
A unique underpinning design and a carefully calibrated construction schedule are key elements in an ambitious and challenging project under the streets of Burlington, Vermont. To accommodate modern, stacked freight cars that cross Vermont on their way between Massachusetts and Canada, the state transportation agency has undertaken to lower railroad tracks by two and a half feet in a narrow rail tunnel underneath Bellows Falls, Vermont. Built in 1851 of stone arch construction, it provides approximately 14 feet of vertical clearance. It is 280 feet long and 12 feet wide, which leaves only three or four inches on either side for modern trains. The tunnel has been excavated and underpinned twice before, in the 1890s and again in 1970. This time, a new underpinning system was installed, using two different designs. Details are given, along with a schematic drawing. Work had to be done around the two freight trains and two Amtrak passenger trains that pass through each day. Geotechnical conditions required constant monitoring for stability. A final three-day work session was required to complete excavation of the tunnel and installation of new continuous steel tracks.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".